Coverity Support for OWASP Top 10 (2021)

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A1: Injection

77

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ("Command Injection")

89

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an SQL Command ("SQL Injection")

917

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an Expression Language Statement ("Expression Language Injection")

943

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements in Data Query Logic

A2: Broken Authentication

287

Improper Authentication

A3: Sensitive Data Exposure

311

Missing Encryption of Sensitive Data

319

Cleartext Transmission of Sensitive Information

320

Key Management Errors

A5: Broken Access Control

284

Improper Access Control

A7: Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)

79

Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ("Cross-site Scripting")

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A9: Security Logging and Monitoring Failures

1355

Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with missing or ineffective integration with incident response, allows attackers to further attack systems, maintain persistence, pivot to more systems, and tamper, extract, or destroy data. Most breach studies show time to detect a breach is over 200 days, typically detected by external parties rather than internal processes or monitoring.

A10: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)

918

Server-side request forgery occurs when a server is coerced into making a request to an unintended resource, possibly through a user-specified URL, port, or protocol. Such requests may bypass protection such as firewalls or access control lists.

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A10: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)

918

Server-side request forgery occurs when a server is coerced into making a request to an unintended resource, possibly through a user-specified URL, port, or protocol. Such requests may bypass protection such as firewalls or access control lists.

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A9: Security Logging and Monitoring Failures

1355

Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with missing or ineffective integration with incident response, allows attackers to further attack systems, maintain persistence, pivot to more systems, and tamper, extract, or destroy data. Most breach studies show time to detect a breach is over 200 days, typically detected by external parties rather than internal processes or monitoring.

A10: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)

918

Server-side request forgery occurs when a server is coerced into making a request to an unintended resource, possibly through a user-specified URL, port, or protocol. Such requests may bypass protection such as firewalls or access control lists.

A1: Injection

77

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ("Command Injection")

78

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ("OS Command Injection")

88

Improper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command ("Argument Injection")

89

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an SQL Command ("SQL Injection")

91

XML Injection (aka Blind XPath Injection)

943

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements in Data Query Logic

1027

Injection

A2: Broken Authentication

256

Plaintext Storage of a Password

287

Improper Authentication

522

Insufficiently Protected Credentials

523

Unprotected Transport of Credentials

1028

Broken Authentication

A3: Sensitive Data Exposure

311

Missing Encryption of Sensitive Data

312

Cleartext Storage of Sensitive Information

319

Cleartext Transmission of Sensitive Information

320

Key Management Errors

326

Inadequate Encryption Strength

327

Use of a Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm

328

Reversible One-Way Hash

359

Exposure of Private Personal Information to an Unauthorized Actor

A5: Broken Access Control

22

Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ("Path Traversal")

284

Improper Access Control

285

Improper Authorization

639

Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key

1031

Broken Access Control

A6: Security Misconfiguration

16

Configuration

209

Generation of Error Message Containing Sensitive Information

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A9: Security Logging and Monitoring Failures

1355

Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with missing or ineffective integration with incident response, allows attackers to further attack systems, maintain persistence, pivot to more systems, and tamper, extract, or destroy data. Most breach studies show time to detect a breach is over 200 days, typically detected by external parties rather than internal processes or monitoring.

A10: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)

918

Server-side request forgery occurs when a server is coerced into making a request to an unintended resource, possibly through a user-specified URL, port, or protocol. Such requests may bypass protection such as firewalls or access control lists.

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A9: Security Logging and Monitoring Failures

1355

Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with missing or ineffective integration with incident response, allows attackers to further attack systems, maintain persistence, pivot to more systems, and tamper, extract, or destroy data. Most breach studies show time to detect a breach is over 200 days, typically detected by external parties rather than internal processes or monitoring.

A10: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)

918

Server-side request forgery occurs when a server is coerced into making a request to an unintended resource, possibly through a user-specified URL, port, or protocol. Such requests may bypass protection such as firewalls or access control lists.

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A9: Security Logging and Monitoring Failures

1355

Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with missing or ineffective integration with incident response, allows attackers to further attack systems, maintain persistence, pivot to more systems, and tamper, extract, or destroy data. Most breach studies show time to detect a breach is over 200 days, typically detected by external parties rather than internal processes or monitoring.

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A9: Security Logging and Monitoring Failures

1355

Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with missing or ineffective integration with incident response, allows attackers to further attack systems, maintain persistence, pivot to more systems, and tamper, extract, or destroy data. Most breach studies show time to detect a breach is over 200 days, typically detected by external parties rather than internal processes or monitoring.

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A9: Security Logging and Monitoring Failures

1355

Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with missing or ineffective integration with incident response, allows attackers to further attack systems, maintain persistence, pivot to more systems, and tamper, extract, or destroy data. Most breach studies show time to detect a breach is over 200 days, typically detected by external parties rather than internal processes or monitoring.

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A9: Security Logging and Monitoring Failures

1355

Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with missing or ineffective integration with incident response, allows attackers to further attack systems, maintain persistence, pivot to more systems, and tamper, extract, or destroy data. Most breach studies show time to detect a breach is over 200 days, typically detected by external parties rather than internal processes or monitoring.

A1: Injection

77

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ("Command Injection")

78

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ("OS Command Injection")

88

Improper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command ("Argument Injection")

89

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an SQL Command ("SQL Injection")

90

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an LDAP Query ("LDAP Injection")

91

XML Injection (aka Blind XPath Injection)

943

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements in Data Query Logic

1027

Injection

A2: Broken Authentication

256

Plaintext Storage of a Password

287

Improper Authentication

522

Insufficiently Protected Credentials

523

Unprotected Transport of Credentials

1028

Broken Authentication

A3: Sensitive Data Exposure

311

Missing Encryption of Sensitive Data

312

Cleartext Storage of Sensitive Information

319

Cleartext Transmission of Sensitive Information

320

Key Management Errors

326

RISKY_CRYPTO

327

Use of a Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm

328

Reversible One-Way Hash

359

Exposure of Private Personal Information to an Unauthorized Actor

1029

Sensitive Data Exposure

A4: XML External Entities (XXE)

611

Improper Restriction of XML External Entity Reference

776

Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ("XML Entity Expansion")

1030

XML External Entities (XXE)

A5: Broken Access Control

22

Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ("Path Traversal")

284

Improper Access Control

285

Improper Authorization

639

Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key

A6: Security Misconfiguration

16

Configuration

209

Generation of Error Message Containing Sensitive Information

A7: Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)

79

Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ("Cross-site Scripting")

A8: Insecure Deserialization

502

Deserialization of Untrusted Data

A10: Insufficient Logging & Monitoring

223

Omission of Security-relevant Information

778

Insufficient Logging

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A9: Security Logging and Monitoring Failures

1355

Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with missing or ineffective integration with incident response, allows attackers to further attack systems, maintain persistence, pivot to more systems, and tamper, extract, or destroy data. Most breach studies show time to detect a breach is over 200 days, typically detected by external parties rather than internal processes or monitoring.

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A9: Security Logging and Monitoring Failures

1355

Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with missing or ineffective integration with incident response, allows attackers to further attack systems, maintain persistence, pivot to more systems, and tamper, extract, or destroy data. Most breach studies show time to detect a breach is over 200 days, typically detected by external parties rather than internal processes or monitoring.

A10: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)

918

Server-side request forgery occurs when a server is coerced into making a request to an unintended resource, possibly through a user-specified URL, port, or protocol. Such requests may bypass protection such as firewalls or access control lists.

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A9: Security Logging and Monitoring Failures

1355

Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with missing or ineffective integration with incident response, allows attackers to further attack systems, maintain persistence, pivot to more systems, and tamper, extract, or destroy data. Most breach studies show time to detect a breach is over 200 days, typically detected by external parties rather than internal processes or monitoring.

A10: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)

918

Server-side request forgery occurs when a server is coerced into making a request to an unintended resource, possibly through a user-specified URL, port, or protocol. Such requests may bypass protection such as firewalls or access control lists.

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A10: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)

918

Server-side request forgery occurs when a server is coerced into making a request to an unintended resource, possibly through a user-specified URL, port, or protocol. Such requests may bypass protection such as firewalls or access control lists.

A1: Injection

77

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ("Command Injection")

78

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ("OS Command Injection")

88

Improper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command ("Argument Injection")

89

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an SQL Command ("SQL Injection")

91

XML Injection (aka Blind XPath Injection)

943

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements in Data Query Logic

1027

Injection

A2: Broken Authentication

256

Plaintext Storage of a Password

287

Improper Authentication

522

Insufficiently Protected Credentials

523

Unprotected Transport of Credentials

1028

Broken Authentication

A3: Sensitive Data Exposure

311

Missing Encryption of Sensitive Data

312

Cleartext Storage of Sensitive Information

319

Cleartext Transmission of Sensitive Information

320

Key Management Errors

326

Inadequate Encryption Strength

327

Use of a Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm

328

Reversible One-Way Hash

359

Exposure of Private Personal Information to an Unauthorized Actor

A5: Broken Access Control

22

Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ("Path Traversal")

284

Improper Access Control

285

Improper Authorization

639

Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key

1031

Broken Access Control

A6: Security Misconfiguration

16

Configuration

209

Generation of Error Message Containing Sensitive Information

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A9: Security Logging and Monitoring Failures

1355

Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with missing or ineffective integration with incident response, allows attackers to further attack systems, maintain persistence, pivot to more systems, and tamper, extract, or destroy data. Most breach studies show time to detect a breach is over 200 days, typically detected by external parties rather than internal processes or monitoring.

A10: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)

918

Server-side request forgery occurs when a server is coerced into making a request to an unintended resource, possibly through a user-specified URL, port, or protocol. Such requests may bypass protection such as firewalls or access control lists.

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A9: Security Logging and Monitoring Failures

1355

Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with missing or ineffective integration with incident response, allows attackers to further attack systems, maintain persistence, pivot to more systems, and tamper, extract, or destroy data. Most breach studies show time to detect a breach is over 200 days, typically detected by external parties rather than internal processes or monitoring.

A10: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)

918

Server-side request forgery occurs when a server is coerced into making a request to an unintended resource, possibly through a user-specified URL, port, or protocol. Such requests may bypass protection such as firewalls or access control lists.

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A9: Security Logging and Monitoring Failures

1355

Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with missing or ineffective integration with incident response, allows attackers to further attack systems, maintain persistence, pivot to more systems, and tamper, extract, or destroy data. Most breach studies show time to detect a breach is over 200 days, typically detected by external parties rather than internal processes or monitoring.

A10: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)

918

Server-side request forgery occurs when a server is coerced into making a request to an unintended resource, possibly through a user-specified URL, port, or protocol. Such requests may bypass protection such as firewalls or access control lists.

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A9: Security Logging and Monitoring Failures

1355

Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with missing or ineffective integration with incident response, allows attackers to further attack systems, maintain persistence, pivot to more systems, and tamper, extract, or destroy data. Most breach studies show time to detect a breach is over 200 days, typically detected by external parties rather than internal processes or monitoring.

A10: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)

918

Server-side request forgery occurs when a server is coerced into making a request to an unintended resource, possibly through a user-specified URL, port, or protocol. Such requests may bypass protection such as firewalls or access control lists.

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A9: Security Logging and Monitoring Failures

1355

Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with missing or ineffective integration with incident response, allows attackers to further attack systems, maintain persistence, pivot to more systems, and tamper, extract, or destroy data. Most breach studies show time to detect a breach is over 200 days, typically detected by external parties rather than internal processes or monitoring.

A10: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)

918

Server-side request forgery occurs when a server is coerced into making a request to an unintended resource, possibly through a user-specified URL, port, or protocol. Such requests may bypass protection such as firewalls or access control lists.

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A9: Security Logging and Monitoring Failures

1355

Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with missing or ineffective integration with incident response, allows attackers to further attack systems, maintain persistence, pivot to more systems, and tamper, extract, or destroy data. Most breach studies show time to detect a breach is over 200 days, typically detected by external parties rather than internal processes or monitoring.

A10: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)

918

Server-side request forgery occurs when a server is coerced into making a request to an unintended resource, possibly through a user-specified URL, port, or protocol. Such requests may bypass protection such as firewalls or access control lists.

A1: Injection

77

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ("Command Injection")

78

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ("OS Command Injection")

88

Improper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command ("Argument Injection")

89

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an SQL Command ("SQL Injection")

91

XML Injection (aka Blind XPath Injection)

943

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements in Data Query Logic

1027

Injection

A2: Broken Authentication

256

Plaintext Storage of a Password

287

Improper Authentication

522

Insufficiently Protected Credentials

523

Unprotected Transport of Credentials

613

Insufficient Session Expiration

1028

Broken Authentication

A3: Sensitive Data Exposure

295

Improper Certificate Validation

311

Missing Encryption of Sensitive Data

312

Cleartext Storage of Sensitive Information

319

Cleartext Transmission of Sensitive Information

320

Key Management Errors

326

Inadequate Encryption Strength

327

Use of a Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm

328

Reversible One-Way Hash

359

Exposure of Private Personal Information to an Unauthorized Actor

1029

Sensitive Data Exposure

A4: XML External Entities (XXE)

611

Improper Restriction of XML External Entity Reference

776

Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ("XML Entity Expansion")

A5: Broken Access Control

22

Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ("Path Traversal")

284

Improper Access Control

285

Improper Authorization

639

SQLI

1031

Broken Access Control

A6: Security Misconfiguration

16

Configuration

209

Generation of Error Message Containing Sensitive Information

548

Exposure of Information Through Directory Listing

A7: Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)

79

Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ("Cross-site Scripting")

A8: Insecure Deserialization

502

Deserialization of Untrusted Data

A10: Insufficient Logging & Monitoring

223

Omission of Security-relevant Information

778

Insufficient Logging

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A9: Security Logging and Monitoring Failures

1355

Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with missing or ineffective integration with incident response, allows attackers to further attack systems, maintain persistence, pivot to more systems, and tamper, extract, or destroy data. Most breach studies show time to detect a breach is over 200 days, typically detected by external parties rather than internal processes or monitoring.

A10: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)

918

Server-side request forgery occurs when a server is coerced into making a request to an unintended resource, possibly through a user-specified URL, port, or protocol. Such requests may bypass protection such as firewalls or access control lists.

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A6: Vulnerable and Outdated Components

1352

Components, such as libraries, frameworks, and other software modules, run with the same privileges as the application. If a vulnerable component is exploited, such an attack can facilitate serious data loss or server takeover. Applications and APIs using components with known vulnerabilities may undermine application defenses and enable various attacks and impacts.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A9: Security Logging and Monitoring Failures

1355

Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with missing or ineffective integration with incident response, allows attackers to further attack systems, maintain persistence, pivot to more systems, and tamper, extract, or destroy data. Most breach studies show time to detect a breach is over 200 days, typically detected by external parties rather than internal processes or monitoring.

A10: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)

918

Server-side request forgery occurs when a server is coerced into making a request to an unintended resource, possibly through a user-specified URL, port, or protocol. Such requests may bypass protection such as firewalls or access control lists.

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A6: Vulnerable and Outdated Components

1352

Components, such as libraries, frameworks, and other software modules, run with the same privileges as the application. If a vulnerable component is exploited, such an attack can facilitate serious data loss or server takeover. Applications and APIs using components with known vulnerabilities may undermine application defenses and enable various attacks and impacts.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A9: Security Logging and Monitoring Failures

1355

Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with missing or ineffective integration with incident response, allows attackers to further attack systems, maintain persistence, pivot to more systems, and tamper, extract, or destroy data. Most breach studies show time to detect a breach is over 200 days, typically detected by external parties rather than internal processes or monitoring.

A10: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)

918

Server-side request forgery occurs when a server is coerced into making a request to an unintended resource, possibly through a user-specified URL, port, or protocol. Such requests may bypass protection such as firewalls or access control lists.

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A9: Security Logging and Monitoring Failures

1355

Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with missing or ineffective integration with incident response, allows attackers to further attack systems, maintain persistence, pivot to more systems, and tamper, extract, or destroy data. Most breach studies show time to detect a breach is over 200 days, typically detected by external parties rather than internal processes or monitoring.

A10: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)

918

Server-side request forgery occurs when a server is coerced into making a request to an unintended resource, possibly through a user-specified URL, port, or protocol. Such requests may bypass protection such as firewalls or access control lists.

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A6: Vulnerable and Outdated Components

1352

Components, such as libraries, frameworks, and other software modules, run with the same privileges as the application. If a vulnerable component is exploited, such an attack can facilitate serious data loss or server takeover. Applications and APIs using components with known vulnerabilities may undermine application defenses and enable various attacks and impacts.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A9: Security Logging and Monitoring Failures

1355

Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with missing or ineffective integration with incident response, allows attackers to further attack systems, maintain persistence, pivot to more systems, and tamper, extract, or destroy data. Most breach studies show time to detect a breach is over 200 days, typically detected by external parties rather than internal processes or monitoring.

A10: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)

918

Server-side request forgery occurs when a server is coerced into making a request to an unintended resource, possibly through a user-specified URL, port, or protocol. Such requests may bypass protection such as firewalls or access control lists.

A1: Injection

77

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ("Command Injection")

78

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ("OS Command Injection")

88

Improper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command ("Argument Injection")

89

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an SQL Command ("SQL Injection")

90

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an LDAP Query ("LDAP Injection")

91

XML Injection (aka Blind XPath Injection)

564

SQL Injection: Hibernate

917

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an Expression Language Statement ("Expression Language Injection")

943

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements in Data Query Logic

1027

Injection

A2: Broken Authentication

256

Plaintext Storage of a Password

287

Improper Authentication

384

Session Fixation

522

Insufficiently Protected Credentials

523

Unprotected Transport of Credentials

613

Insufficient Session Expiration

1028

Broken Authentication

A3: Sensitive Data Exposure

295

Improper Certificate Validation

311

Missing Encryption of Sensitive Data

312

Cleartext Storage of Sensitive Information

319

Cleartext Transmission of Sensitive Information

320

Key Management Errors

326

Inadequate Encryption Strength

327

Use of a Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm

328

Reversible One-Way Hash

359

Exposure of Private Personal Information to an Unauthorized Actor

1029

Sensitive Data Exposure

A4: XML External Entities (XXE)

611

Improper Restriction of XML External Entity Reference

776

Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ("XML Entity Expansion")

A5: Broken Access Control

22

Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ("Path Traversal")

284

Improper Access Control

285

Improper Authorization

639

Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key

1031

Broken Access Control

A6: Security Misconfiguration

16

Configuration

209

Generation of Error Message Containing Sensitive Information

A7: Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)

79

Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ("Cross-site Scripting")

A8: Insecure Deserialization

502

Deserialization of Untrusted Data

A10: Insufficient Logging & Monitoring

223

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A6: Vulnerable and Outdated Components

1352

Components, such as libraries, frameworks, and other software modules, run with the same privileges as the application. If a vulnerable component is exploited, such an attack can facilitate serious data loss or server takeover. Applications and APIs using components with known vulnerabilities may undermine application defenses and enable various attacks and impacts.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A9: Security Logging and Monitoring Failures

1355

Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with missing or ineffective integration with incident response, allows attackers to further attack systems, maintain persistence, pivot to more systems, and tamper, extract, or destroy data. Most breach studies show time to detect a breach is over 200 days, typically detected by external parties rather than internal processes or monitoring.

A10: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)

918

Server-side request forgery occurs when a server is coerced into making a request to an unintended resource, possibly through a user-specified URL, port, or protocol. Such requests may bypass protection such as firewalls or access control lists.

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A6: Vulnerable and Outdated Components

1352

Components, such as libraries, frameworks, and other software modules, run with the same privileges as the application. If a vulnerable component is exploited, such an attack can facilitate serious data loss or server takeover. Applications and APIs using components with known vulnerabilities may undermine application defenses and enable various attacks and impacts.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A9: Security Logging and Monitoring Failures

1355

Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with missing or ineffective integration with incident response, allows attackers to further attack systems, maintain persistence, pivot to more systems, and tamper, extract, or destroy data. Most breach studies show time to detect a breach is over 200 days, typically detected by external parties rather than internal processes or monitoring.

A10: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)

918

Server-side request forgery occurs when a server is coerced into making a request to an unintended resource, possibly through a user-specified URL, port, or protocol. Such requests may bypass protection such as firewalls or access control lists.

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A6: Vulnerable and Outdated Components

1352

Components, such as libraries, frameworks, and other software modules, run with the same privileges as the application. If a vulnerable component is exploited, such an attack can facilitate serious data loss or server takeover. Applications and APIs using components with known vulnerabilities may undermine application defenses and enable various attacks and impacts.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A9: Security Logging and Monitoring Failures

1355

Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with missing or ineffective integration with incident response, allows attackers to further attack systems, maintain persistence, pivot to more systems, and tamper, extract, or destroy data. Most breach studies show time to detect a breach is over 200 days, typically detected by external parties rather than internal processes or monitoring.

A10: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)

918

Server-side request forgery occurs when a server is coerced into making a request to an unintended resource, possibly through a user-specified URL, port, or protocol. Such requests may bypass protection such as firewalls or access control lists.

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A6: Vulnerable and Outdated Components

1352

Components, such as libraries, frameworks, and other software modules, run with the same privileges as the application. If a vulnerable component is exploited, such an attack can facilitate serious data loss or server takeover. Applications and APIs using components with known vulnerabilities may undermine application defenses and enable various attacks and impacts.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A9: Security Logging and Monitoring Failures

1355

Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with missing or ineffective integration with incident response, allows attackers to further attack systems, maintain persistence, pivot to more systems, and tamper, extract, or destroy data. Most breach studies show time to detect a breach is over 200 days, typically detected by external parties rather than internal processes or monitoring.

A10: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)

918

Server-side request forgery occurs when a server is coerced into making a request to an unintended resource, possibly through a user-specified URL, port, or protocol. Such requests may bypass protection such as firewalls or access control lists.

A1: Injection

77

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ("Command Injection")

78

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ("OS Command Injection")

88

Improper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command ("Argument Injection")

89

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an SQL Command ("SQL Injection")

943

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements in Data Query Logic

1027

Injection

A2: Broken Authentication

256

Plaintext Storage of a Password

287

Improper Authentication

522

Insufficiently Protected Credentials

523

Unprotected Transport of Credentials

613

Insufficient Session Expiration

1028

Broken Authentication

A3: Sensitive Data Exposure

295

Improper Certificate Validation

311

Missing Encryption of Sensitive Data

312

Cleartext Storage of Sensitive Information

319

Cleartext Transmission of Sensitive Information

320

Key Management Errors

326

Inadequate Encryption Strength

327

Use of a Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm

328

Reversible One-Way Hash

359

Exposure of Private Personal Information to an Unauthorized Actor

1029

Sensitive Data Exposure

A4: XML External Entities (XXE)

611

Improper Restriction of XML External Entity Reference

776

Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ("XML Entity Expansion")

A5: Broken Access Control

22

Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ("Path Traversal")

284

Improper Access Control

285

Improper Authorization

639

Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key

1031

Broken Access Control

A6: Security Misconfiguration

16

Configuration

209

Generation of Error Message Containing Sensitive Information

548

Exposure of Information Through Directory Listing

A7: Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)

79

Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ("Cross-site Scripting")

A8: Insecure Deserialization

502

Deserialization of Untrusted Data

A10: Insufficient Logging & Monitoring

223

Omission of Security-relevant Information

778

Insufficient Logging

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A6: Vulnerable and Outdated Components

1352

Components, such as libraries, frameworks, and other software modules, run with the same privileges as the application. If a vulnerable component is exploited, such an attack can facilitate serious data loss or server takeover. Applications and APIs using components with known vulnerabilities may undermine application defenses and enable various attacks and impacts.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A9: Security Logging and Monitoring Failures

1355

Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with missing or ineffective integration with incident response, allows attackers to further attack systems, maintain persistence, pivot to more systems, and tamper, extract, or destroy data. Most breach studies show time to detect a breach is over 200 days, typically detected by external parties rather than internal processes or monitoring.

A10: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)

918

Server-side request forgery occurs when a server is coerced into making a request to an unintended resource, possibly through a user-specified URL, port, or protocol. Such requests may bypass protection such as firewalls or access control lists.

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A6: Vulnerable and Outdated Components

1352

Components, such as libraries, frameworks, and other software modules, run with the same privileges as the application. If a vulnerable component is exploited, such an attack can facilitate serious data loss or server takeover. Applications and APIs using components with known vulnerabilities may undermine application defenses and enable various attacks and impacts.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A9: Security Logging and Monitoring Failures

1355

Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with missing or ineffective integration with incident response, allows attackers to further attack systems, maintain persistence, pivot to more systems, and tamper, extract, or destroy data. Most breach studies show time to detect a breach is over 200 days, typically detected by external parties rather than internal processes or monitoring.

A10: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)

918

Server-side request forgery occurs when a server is coerced into making a request to an unintended resource, possibly through a user-specified URL, port, or protocol. Such requests may bypass protection such as firewalls or access control lists.

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A9: Security Logging and Monitoring Failures

1355

Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with missing or ineffective integration with incident response, allows attackers to further attack systems, maintain persistence, pivot to more systems, and tamper, extract, or destroy data. Most breach studies show time to detect a breach is over 200 days, typically detected by external parties rather than internal processes or monitoring.

A10: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)

918

Server-side request forgery occurs when a server is coerced into making a request to an unintended resource, possibly through a user-specified URL, port, or protocol. Such requests may bypass protection such as firewalls or access control lists.

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A9: Security Logging and Monitoring Failures

1355

Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with missing or ineffective integration with incident response, allows attackers to further attack systems, maintain persistence, pivot to more systems, and tamper, extract, or destroy data. Most breach studies show time to detect a breach is over 200 days, typically detected by external parties rather than internal processes or monitoring.

A10: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)

918

Server-side request forgery occurs when a server is coerced into making a request to an unintended resource, possibly through a user-specified URL, port, or protocol. Such requests may bypass protection such as firewalls or access control lists.

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A9: Security Logging and Monitoring Failures

1355

Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with missing or ineffective integration with incident response, allows attackers to further attack systems, maintain persistence, pivot to more systems, and tamper, extract, or destroy data. Most breach studies show time to detect a breach is over 200 days, typically detected by external parties rather than internal processes or monitoring.

A10: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)

918

Server-side request forgery occurs when a server is coerced into making a request to an unintended resource, possibly through a user-specified URL, port, or protocol. Such requests may bypass protection such as firewalls or access control lists.

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A9: Security Logging and Monitoring Failures

1355

Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with missing or ineffective integration with incident response, allows attackers to further attack systems, maintain persistence, pivot to more systems, and tamper, extract, or destroy data. Most breach studies show time to detect a breach is over 200 days, typically detected by external parties rather than internal processes or monitoring.

A10: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)

918

Server-side request forgery occurs when a server is coerced into making a request to an unintended resource, possibly through a user-specified URL, port, or protocol. Such requests may bypass protection such as firewalls or access control lists.

A1: Injection

77

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ("Command Injection")

78

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ("OS Command Injection")

88

Improper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command ("Argument Injection")

89

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an SQL Command ("SQL Injection")

91

XML Injection (aka Blind XPath Injection)

943

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements in Data Query Logic

1027

Injection

A2: Broken Authentication

256

Plaintext Storage of a Password

287

Improper Authentication

522

Insufficiently Protected Credentials

523

Unprotected Transport of Credentials

1028

Broken Authentication

A3: Sensitive Data Exposure

295

Improper Certificate Validation

311

Missing Encryption of Sensitive Data

312

Cleartext Storage of Sensitive Information

319

Cleartext Transmission of Sensitive Information

320

Key Management Errors

326

Inadequate Encryption Strength

327

Use of a Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm

328

Reversible One-Way Hash

359

Exposure of Private Personal Information to an Unauthorized Actor

A4: XML External Entities (XXE)

611

Improper Restriction of XML External Entity Reference

776

Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ("XML Entity Expansion")

A5: Broken Access Control

22

Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ("Path Traversal")

284

Improper Access Control

285

Improper Authorization

639

Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key

1031

Broken Access Control

A6: Security Misconfiguration

16

Configuration

209

Generation of Error Message Containing Sensitive Information

A8: Insecure Deserialization

502

Deserialization of Untrusted Data

A10: Insufficient Logging & Monitoring

223

Omission of Security-relevant Information

778

Insufficient Logging

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A9: Security Logging and Monitoring Failures

1355

Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with missing or ineffective integration with incident response, allows attackers to further attack systems, maintain persistence, pivot to more systems, and tamper, extract, or destroy data. Most breach studies show time to detect a breach is over 200 days, typically detected by external parties rather than internal processes or monitoring.

A10: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)

918

Server-side request forgery occurs when a server is coerced into making a request to an unintended resource, possibly through a user-specified URL, port, or protocol. Such requests may bypass protection such as firewalls or access control lists.

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A9: Security Logging and Monitoring Failures

1355

Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with missing or ineffective integration with incident response, allows attackers to further attack systems, maintain persistence, pivot to more systems, and tamper, extract, or destroy data. Most breach studies show time to detect a breach is over 200 days, typically detected by external parties rather than internal processes or monitoring.

A10: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)

918

Server-side request forgery occurs when a server is coerced into making a request to an unintended resource, possibly through a user-specified URL, port, or protocol. Such requests may bypass protection such as firewalls or access control lists.

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A9: Security Logging and Monitoring Failures

1355

Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with missing or ineffective integration with incident response, allows attackers to further attack systems, maintain persistence, pivot to more systems, and tamper, extract, or destroy data. Most breach studies show time to detect a breach is over 200 days, typically detected by external parties rather than internal processes or monitoring.

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A9: Security Logging and Monitoring Failures

1355

Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with missing or ineffective integration with incident response, allows attackers to further attack systems, maintain persistence, pivot to more systems, and tamper, extract, or destroy data. Most breach studies show time to detect a breach is over 200 days, typically detected by external parties rather than internal processes or monitoring.

A1: Injection

77

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ("Command Injection")

78

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ("OS Command Injection")

88

Improper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command ("Argument Injection")

89

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an SQL Command ("SQL Injection")

943

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements in Data Query Logic

1027

Injection

A2: Broken Authentication

256

Plaintext Storage of a Password

287

Improper Authentication

522

Insufficiently Protected Credentials

523

Unprotected Transport of Credentials

A3: Sensitive Data Exposure

311

Missing Encryption of Sensitive Data

312

Cleartext Storage of Sensitive Information

319

Cleartext Transmission of Sensitive Information

359

Exposure of Private Personal Information to an Unauthorized Actor

A4: XML External Entities (XXE)

611

Improper Restriction of XML External Entity Reference

A5: Broken Access Control

22

Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ("Path Traversal")

284

Improper Access Control

285

Improper Authorization

639

Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key

A6: Security Misconfiguration

16

Configuration

209

Generation of Error Message Containing Sensitive Information

A7: Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)

79

Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ("Cross-site Scripting")

A8: Insecure Deserialization

502

Deserialization of Untrusted Data

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A9: Security Logging and Monitoring Failures

1355

Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with missing or ineffective integration with incident response, allows attackers to further attack systems, maintain persistence, pivot to more systems, and tamper, extract, or destroy data. Most breach studies show time to detect a breach is over 200 days, typically detected by external parties rather than internal processes or monitoring.

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A9: Security Logging and Monitoring Failures

1355

Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with missing or ineffective integration with incident response, allows attackers to further attack systems, maintain persistence, pivot to more systems, and tamper, extract, or destroy data. Most breach studies show time to detect a breach is over 200 days, typically detected by external parties rather than internal processes or monitoring.

A10: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)

918

Server-side request forgery occurs when a server is coerced into making a request to an unintended resource, possibly through a user-specified URL, port, or protocol. Such requests may bypass protection such as firewalls or access control lists.

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A9: Security Logging and Monitoring Failures

1355

Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with missing or ineffective integration with incident response, allows attackers to further attack systems, maintain persistence, pivot to more systems, and tamper, extract, or destroy data. Most breach studies show time to detect a breach is over 200 days, typically detected by external parties rather than internal processes or monitoring.

A10: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)

918

Server-side request forgery occurs when a server is coerced into making a request to an unintended resource, possibly through a user-specified URL, port, or protocol. Such requests may bypass protection such as firewalls or access control lists.

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A9: Security Logging and Monitoring Failures

1355

Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with missing or ineffective integration with incident response, allows attackers to further attack systems, maintain persistence, pivot to more systems, and tamper, extract, or destroy data. Most breach studies show time to detect a breach is over 200 days, typically detected by external parties rather than internal processes or monitoring.

A10: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)

918

Server-side request forgery occurs when a server is coerced into making a request to an unintended resource, possibly through a user-specified URL, port, or protocol. Such requests may bypass protection such as firewalls or access control lists.

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A9: Security Logging and Monitoring Failures

1355

Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with missing or ineffective integration with incident response, allows attackers to further attack systems, maintain persistence, pivot to more systems, and tamper, extract, or destroy data. Most breach studies show time to detect a breach is over 200 days, typically detected by external parties rather than internal processes or monitoring.

A10: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)

918

Server-side request forgery occurs when a server is coerced into making a request to an unintended resource, possibly through a user-specified URL, port, or protocol. Such requests may bypass protection such as firewalls or access control lists.

A1: Injection

77

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ("Command Injection")

78

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ("OS Command Injection")

88

Improper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command ("Argument Injection")

89

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an SQL Command ("SQL Injection")

91

XML Injection (aka Blind XPath Injection)

943

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements in Data Query Logic

1027

Injection

A2: Broken Authentication

256

Plaintext Storage of a Password

287

Improper Authentication

522

Insufficiently Protected Credentials

523

Unprotected Transport of Credentials

1028

Broken Authentication

A3: Sensitive Data Exposure

295

Improper Certificate Validation

311

Missing Encryption of Sensitive Data

312

Cleartext Storage of Sensitive Information

319

Cleartext Transmission of Sensitive Information

326

Inadequate Encryption Strength

327

Use of a Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm

328

Reversible One-Way Hash

359

Exposure of Private Personal Information to an Unauthorized Actor

1029

Sensitive Data Exposure

A4: XML External Entities (XXE)

611

Improper Restriction of XML External Entity Reference

1030

XML External Entities (XXE)

A5: Broken Access Control

22

Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ("Path Traversal")

284

Improper Access Control

285

Improper Authorization

639

Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key

1031

Broken Access Control

A6: Security Misconfiguration

16

Configuration

209

Generation of Error Message Containing Sensitive Information

A7: Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)

79

Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ("Cross-site Scripting")

A8: Insecure Deserialization

502

Deserialization of Untrusted Data

A10: Insufficient Logging & Monitoring

223

Omission of Security-relevant Information

778

Insufficient Logging

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A9: Security Logging and Monitoring Failures

1355

Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with missing or ineffective integration with incident response, allows attackers to further attack systems, maintain persistence, pivot to more systems, and tamper, extract, or destroy data. Most breach studies show time to detect a breach is over 200 days, typically detected by external parties rather than internal processes or monitoring.

A10: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)

918

Server-side request forgery occurs when a server is coerced into making a request to an unintended resource, possibly through a user-specified URL, port, or protocol. Such requests may bypass protection such as firewalls or access control lists.

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A6: Vulnerable and Outdated Components

1352

Components, such as libraries, frameworks, and other software modules, run with the same privileges as the application. If a vulnerable component is exploited, such an attack can facilitate serious data loss or server takeover. Applications and APIs using components with known vulnerabilities may undermine application defenses and enable various attacks and impacts.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A6: Vulnerable and Outdated Components

1352

Components, such as libraries, frameworks, and other software modules, run with the same privileges as the application. If a vulnerable component is exploited, such an attack can facilitate serious data loss or server takeover. Applications and APIs using components with known vulnerabilities may undermine application defenses and enable various attacks and impacts.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A6: Vulnerable and Outdated Components

1352

Components, such as libraries, frameworks, and other software modules, run with the same privileges as the application. If a vulnerable component is exploited, such an attack can facilitate serious data loss or server takeover. Applications and APIs using components with known vulnerabilities may undermine application defenses and enable various attacks and impacts.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A6: Vulnerable and Outdated Components

1352

Components, such as libraries, frameworks, and other software modules, run with the same privileges as the application. If a vulnerable component is exploited, such an attack can facilitate serious data loss or server takeover. Applications and APIs using components with known vulnerabilities may undermine application defenses and enable various attacks and impacts.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A1: Injection

77

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ("Command Injection")

78

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ("OS Command Injection")

88

Improper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command ("Argument Injection")

89

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an SQL Command ("SQL Injection")

943

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements in Data Query Logic

1027

Injection

A2: Broken Authentication

287

Improper Authentication

522

Insufficiently Protected Credentials

523

Unprotected Transport of Credentials

1028

Broken Authentication

A3: Sensitive Data Exposure

295

Improper Certificate Validation

311

Missing Encryption of Sensitive Data

312

Cleartext Storage of Sensitive Information

319

Cleartext Transmission of Sensitive Information

320

Key Management Errors

327

Use of a Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm

359

Exposure of Private Personal Information to an Unauthorized Actor

A5: Broken Access Control

22

Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ("Path Traversal")

284

Improper Access Control

285

Improper Authorization

639

Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key

A6: Security Misconfiguration

209

Generation of Error Message Containing Sensitive Information

A7: Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)

79

Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ("Cross-site Scripting")

A8: Insecure Deserialization

502

Deserialization of Untrusted Data

A9: Insecure Deserialization

1035

Using Components with Known Vulnerabilities

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A6: Vulnerable and Outdated Components

1352

Components, such as libraries, frameworks, and other software modules, run with the same privileges as the application. If a vulnerable component is exploited, such an attack can facilitate serious data loss or server takeover. Applications and APIs using components with known vulnerabilities may undermine application defenses and enable various attacks and impacts.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A9: Security Logging and Monitoring Failures

1355

Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with missing or ineffective integration with incident response, allows attackers to further attack systems, maintain persistence, pivot to more systems, and tamper, extract, or destroy data. Most breach studies show time to detect a breach is over 200 days, typically detected by external parties rather than internal processes or monitoring.

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A9: Security Logging and Monitoring Failures

1355

Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with missing or ineffective integration with incident response, allows attackers to further attack systems, maintain persistence, pivot to more systems, and tamper, extract, or destroy data. Most breach studies show time to detect a breach is over 200 days, typically detected by external parties rather than internal processes or monitoring.

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A9: Security Logging and Monitoring Failures

1355

Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with missing or ineffective integration with incident response, allows attackers to further attack systems, maintain persistence, pivot to more systems, and tamper, extract, or destroy data. Most breach studies show time to detect a breach is over 200 days, typically detected by external parties rather than internal processes or monitoring.

A1: Injection

77

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ("Command Injection")

78

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ("OS Command Injection")

88

Improper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command ("Argument Injection")

89

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an SQL Command ("SQL Injection")

90

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an LDAP Query ("LDAP Injection")

91

XML Injection (aka Blind XPath Injection)

943

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements in Data Query Logic

1027

Injection

A2: Broken Authentication

256

Plaintext Storage of a Password

287

Improper Authentication

522

Insufficiently Protected Credentials

523

Unprotected Transport of Credentials

1028

Broken Authentication

A3: Sensitive Data Exposure

311

Missing Encryption of Sensitive Data

312

Cleartext Storage of Sensitive Information

319

Cleartext Transmission of Sensitive Information

320

Key Management Errors

326

Inadequate Encryption Strength

327

Use of a Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm

328

Reversible One-Way Hash

359

Exposure of Private Personal Information to an Unauthorized Actor

1029

Sensitive Data Exposure

A4: XML External Entities (XXE)

611

Improper Restriction of XML External Entity Reference

776

Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ("XML Entity Expansion")

A5: Broken Access Control

22

Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ("Path Traversal")

284

Improper Access Control

285

Improper Authorization

639

Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key

A6: Security Misconfiguration

16

Configuration

209

Generation of Error Message Containing Sensitive Information

A7: Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)

79

Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ("Cross-site Scripting")

A8: Insecure Deserialization

502

Deserialization of Untrusted Data

A10: Insufficient Logging & Monitoring

223

Omission of Security-relevant Information

778

Insufficient Logging

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A9: Security Logging and Monitoring Failures

1355

Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with missing or ineffective integration with incident response, allows attackers to further attack systems, maintain persistence, pivot to more systems, and tamper, extract, or destroy data. Most breach studies show time to detect a breach is over 200 days, typically detected by external parties rather than internal processes or monitoring.

A1: Broken Access Control

1345

Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.

A2: Cryptographic Failures

1346

Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.

A3: Injection

1347

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

A4: Insecure Design

1348

Insecure design encompasses a wide range of vulnerabilities related to design flaws, as opposed to implementation flaws. A design is insecure if it is vulnerable even when implemented as specified. Insecure designs may be prevented through practices such as using threat modelling for key flows, integrating security into user stories, validating critical flows with tests for use-cases and misuse-cases, among others.

A5: Security Misconfiguration

1349

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.

A7: Identification and Authentication Failures

1353

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.

A8: Software and Data Integrity Failures

1354

Software and data integrity failures result from inadequate protection against untrusted code or data. For example, software that uses libraries or plugins from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, and data that is deserialized without proper integrity checks may be vulnerable to remote code execution.

A9: Security Logging and Monitoring Failures

1355

Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with missing or ineffective integration with incident response, allows attackers to further attack systems, maintain persistence, pivot to more systems, and tamper, extract, or destroy data. Most breach studies show time to detect a breach is over 200 days, typically detected by external parties rather than internal processes or monitoring.